B. Empirical concept. The first of these dimensions defines whether the concept is empirical, abstract or theoretical – a construct.46 An empirical concept47 of peace refers to easily observable phenomena. It is measurable (operational). Peace as the absence of lethal violence is one such concept; as well as peace as the absence of a legally declared war or peace treaty (or a written social contract). The Student Peace Prize is awarded every two years to a student or student organization that has made a significant contribution to the promotion of peace and human rights. D. Build. After all, peace as a construction49 means that “peace” plays a springboard role in theory. It is a theoretical concept; analytical, not synthetic.
The content of a construction is not defined independently of a theory, but completely in the operations and derivatives of a theory. In contrast, while the measures or indicators of an abstract concept would certainly be guided by a theory, the actual data (or its content) are collected (or observed) independently. In the second half of the 20th century, and particularly during the Cold War, a particular form of balance of power – mutual nuclear deterrence – developed into a widespread doctrine about the key to peace among the great powers. Critics have argued that the development of nuclear arsenals increases the chances of war rather than peace, and that the “nuclear umbrella” necessitates smaller wars (e.g..B the Vietnam War and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring) have made such wars more likely. Islam derives from the root of the word salam, which literally means peace. Muslims are called followers of Islam. The Qur`an clearly said: “Those who have believed and whose hearts are secured by the memory of Allah. Undoubtedly, by the remembrance of Allah, hearts are assured” and said: “O you who have believed, when you are told, `Space yourself` in meetings, then make room; Allah will make room for you. And if you are told, “Get up,” stand up; Allah will gradually resurrect those who have believed among you and those who have received knowledge. And Allah is familiar with what you do. [27] [28] All concepts are defined within a theoretical or cognitive framework – which I have called a perspective elsewhere.7 Through a perspective, peace is endowed with meaning by being connected to other concepts in a particular perception of reality; and by its relationship with ideas or assumptions about violence, history, divine grace, justice. Peace is limited to our reality and to each other in a descriptive or explanatory vision.
The game Peace & War is an approach to game theory to understand the relationship between peace and conflict. 13. This is clearly a dialectical view of conflict and peace. See, for example, Mao (1954: Vol. 2, p. 1). 45): The longest period of peace and neutrality among the currently existing states has been observed in Sweden since 1814 and in Switzerland, which has pursued an official policy of neutrality since 1815. This was made possible in part by periods of relative peace in Europe and around the world known as Pax Britannica (1815-1914), Pax Europaea/Pax Americana (since the 1950s) and Pax Atomica (also since the 1950s). Although peace is widely perceived as something intangible, various organizations have made efforts to quantify and measure it. The Global Peace Index, compiled by the Institute for Economics and Peace, is a well-known attempt to assess peace in countries based on 23 indicators of absence of violence and absence of fear of violence.
[50] Nevertheless, we have little agreement on what peace is. Perhaps the most popular (Western) view is the absence of discord, violence, or war, a meaning found in the New Testament and perhaps an original meaning of the Greek word for peace, Irene. Pacifists have adopted this interpretation, because for them all violence is bad. This meaning is widespread among irenologists6 and students of international relations. This is the main dictionary definition. Every year, during the first week of November, the Sydney Peace Foundation awards the Sydney Peace Prize. The Sydney Peace Prize is awarded to an organization or individual whose life and work has made significant contributions to: Achieving peace with justice at the local, national or international level The promotion and realization of human rights The philosophy, language and practice of nonviolence The University itself is in a global social contract that is society at large. Families, corporations, universities, governments, churches are all collective social contracts within society, which includes the countless bilateral and multilateral social contracts between groups, subgroups, and individuals, as well as the collective agreements that sub-corporations call. Any social contract is a specific peace within a particular conflict helix; anyone can have a lower-level conflict within them (for example, a state in a region of international peace can suffer from internal guerrilla warfare and terrorism); Any peace can consist of a continuous and antagonistic conflict (since internal peaceful states wage war). Religious beliefs often seek to identify and resolve fundamental problems in human life, including conflicts between, between, and within individuals and societies. In the ancient Greek-speaking regions, the virtue of peace was personified as the goddess Eirene, in the Latin-speaking regions as the goddess Pax. Her image was usually depicted by ancient sculptors as that of an adult woman, usually with a cornucopia and scepter, and sometimes with a torch or olive leaves.
However, while the Global Peace Index tells us how peaceful a country is, it does not tell us what we should invest or where we should invest to strengthen or maintain the level of peace. However, peace is also considered harmony or harmony and tranquility. It is considered peace of mind or serenity, especially in the East. It is defined as a constitutional state or a civil government, a state of justice or goodness, a balance or balance of power. These ideas came to the fore during the globalization of the late 20th and early 21st centuries among liberal internationalists. [35] These ideas saw capitalism as compatible with peace, even beneficial. A third level involves group relations within states, for example between religious and ethnic groups, nationalities, classes, castes, trade unions and families. A state can be peaceful at the level of its central government and demonstrate a stable social contract, while some of its regions may experience ongoing gang violence. The last level concerns interpersonal relationships between individuals. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated objectives are to facilitate cooperation in the fields of international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights and the achievement of world peace. The United Nations was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, end wars between countries, and create a platform for dialogue. There are two common notions of peace – negative peace or real peace and positive peace.
32. See section 3.9.3 in which I present Johan Galtung`s idea of positive peace. These different groups define different structures of peace, different models of our interests and capabilities, of our forces. Second, peace has a clear theoretical and substantial relationship with concepts as important as perception, situation, expectations, interests, abilities, will, power, status, class, and behavior.70 This gives considerable substantial and theoretical clarity to the essence of peace. That is, peace is enclosed in a global theory of society. The Anglo-French term Pes itself comes from the Latin pax and means “peace, pact, agreement, peace treaty, rest, absence of hostility, harmony”. The English word was used in various personal greetings from about 1300 as a translation of the Hebrew word shalom, which according to Jewish theology comes from a Hebrew verb meaning “complete, whole.” [2] Although “peace” is the usual translation, it is incomplete, because “shalom”, which is also related to the Arabic salaam, has several other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, security, well-being, prosperity, justice, security, happiness and kindness, and simply greetings, “hello” and “goodbye”. [Citation needed] On a personal level, peaceful behaviors are friendly, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of the beliefs and behaviors of others – and tend to show goodwill. .